The overall investment objective under SO1 is to transform the smallholder investment horizons from short to long-term ones that are characteristic of reforestation investments. Smallholders mainly invest to meet their short-term subsistence needs and would, therefore, find the conventional longterm gestation periods of tree growing unsuitable for meeting their needs. The ECOTRUST TGB model provides a payment for environmental services (PES) based sustainability incentive that motivates smallholders to participate in tree growing as a business. Other innovative market-based incentives and rewards for environmental outcomes will also be delivered. ECOTRUST uses a blended financing model (Public, Private and Internal Revenue) to reduce its transaction and operational costs to only 4 out every 10 dollars paid by the private sector buyers. Every participating farmer is, therefore, able to receive 60% of all their carbon payments directly into their accounts.  Each farmer then contributes 10% to the Community Carbon Fund (CCF) that serves as self-insurance fund that supports the same farmers in addressing any external shocks as well as providing start-up grants for multiple forest-based enterprises for sustainable forest management. Blended finance will, thus, be used as a de-risking tool to enhance smallholder participation. The main mechanism in SO1 will be scaling out TGB. The TGB model is designed to de-risk smallholder investments to ensure long-term investments in tree growing. SO1 will support interventions that build the capacity of households, communities, and their natural capital to prevent, mitigate and cope with risk, and recover from climate induced shocks through 4 Key Result Areas: